{"id":3549,"date":"2025-03-23T06:40:18","date_gmt":"2025-03-23T06:40:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spmir.org\/?p=3549"},"modified":"2025-03-23T06:42:36","modified_gmt":"2025-03-23T06:42:36","slug":"%d0%b2%d1%81%d0%b5%d0%bc%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b9-%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%8c-%d0%b1%d0%be%d1%80%d1%8c%d0%b1%d1%8b-%d1%81-%d1%82%d1%83%d0%b1%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%ba%d1%83%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%b7%d0%be%d0%bc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/spmir.org\/ru\/%d0%b2%d1%81%d0%b5%d0%bc%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b9-%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%8c-%d0%b1%d0%be%d1%80%d1%8c%d0%b1%d1%8b-%d1%81-%d1%82%d1%83%d0%b1%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%ba%d1%83%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%b7%d0%be%d0%bc\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043c"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3549\" class=\"elementor elementor-3549\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-adf351a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"adf351a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e4e240\" data-id=\"5e4e240\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae2d77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ae2d77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e 24 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430. \u041e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0432 1982 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043a \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u2013 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u041a\u043e\u0445\u0430. \u0412 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0430. \u0412\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u00ab\u0411\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044f \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0430\u00bb \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0432 1912 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443.<\/p><p>\u041a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043d\u044e\u00a0\u0432 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 &#171;\u0411\u0430\u044f\u0440&#187; \u0444\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041e\u0451\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0437\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f \u00ab\u0422\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437 \u2013 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044c, \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u00bb. \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u0435\u0451 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0447\u043a\u0438 (\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c, \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f). \u0418 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0451\u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-698ed51 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"698ed51\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-25ba02e\" data-id=\"25ba02e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d95630a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d95630a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"3551\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/spmir.org\/ru\/%d0%b2%d1%81%d0%b5%d0%bc%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b9-%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%8c-%d0%b1%d0%be%d1%80%d1%8c%d0%b1%d1%8b-%d1%81-%d1%82%d1%83%d0%b1%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%ba%d1%83%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%b7%d0%be%d0%bc\/3-98\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/spmir.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/3-10.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1280,720\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"3\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/spmir.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/3-10-300x169.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/spmir.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/3-10-1024x576.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/spmir.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/3-10-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3551\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spmir.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/3-10-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spmir.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/3-10-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spmir.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/3-10-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spmir.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/3-10.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" data-attachment-id=\"3551\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/spmir.org\/en\/%d0%b2%d1%81%d0%b5%d0%bc%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b9-%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%8c-%d0%b1%d0%be%d1%80%d1%8c%d0%b1%d1%8b-%d1%81-%d1%82%d1%83%d0%b1%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%ba%d1%83%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%b7%d0%be%d0%bc\/3-98\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/spmir.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/3-10.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1280,720\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"3\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/spmir.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/3-10-300x169.jpg\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/spmir.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/3-10-1024x576.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f39baa9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f39baa9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ddba2be\" data-id=\"ddba2be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccef6ab elementor-arrows-position-inside elementor-pagination-position-outside elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-carousel\" data-id=\"ccef6ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;navigation&quot;:&quot;both&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:5000,&quot;infinite&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"image-carousel.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel-wrapper swiper\" role=\"region\" aria-roledescription=\"carousel\" aria-label=\"Image Carousel\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel swiper-wrapper\" aria-live=\"off\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"1 of 3\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/spmir.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/2-14.jpg\" alt=\"2\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"2 of 3\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/spmir.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/4-10.jpg\" alt=\"4\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"3 of 3\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/spmir.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/5-8.jpg\" alt=\"5\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"eicon-chevron-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"eicon-chevron-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Views: 206<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e 24 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430. \u041e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0432 1982 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043a \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u2013 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u041a\u043e\u0445\u0430. \u0412 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u044b \u0441 \u0442\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 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